Lev Manovich is the Professor of Visual Arts at the university of California, teaching new media art and theory. Unlike Bolter and Gromala's window/mirror metaphor for interface design, Manovich sees the interface as a filter, shaping how the computer user perceives the content. He describes the emergence of this filter: 'The role of the computer shifted from being a particular technology (calculator, processor) to a filter for all culture; a media for cultural and artistic production.
A parrallel is drawn to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis, stating that the interface is a non-transparent code affecting the user's understanding just as 'human thinking is determined by the code of natural language.' Just as the format of the interface affects the way it is interpreted, so too does the user's own cultural background.
The content cannot be separated from the interface. One does not exist without the other - the interface
preexists the content.